Freezing can damage the peptide structure just as much as shaking
Hill MH, Flatley JE, Barker ME, et al
As a recent scientific review explains, 4 Owing to its size and charged nature, NAD+ cannot passively pass through cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane. ...this probably occurs indirectly through the generation of NAD+ degradation products, such as NMN, NR or NAM, which act as precursors. In other words, NAD+ taken orally must first be broken down into these smaller molecules before it can re-enter cells and contribute to NAD+ synthesis
[DOI] [Google Scholar] 241.Zhou M., Lozano N., Wychowaniec J.K., Hodgkinson T., Richardson S.M., Kostarelos K., Hoyland J.A
Modern surgical recovery protocols increasingly recognize that the quality and speed of healing depend not just on surgical technique, but also on providing the cellular environment and molecular signals necessary for optimal tissue repair