After inhalation, nicotine enters the brain after 10-20 seconds, causing the neurostimulatory effects that maintain addiction
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Four models were used to adjust for different covariates: model 1 (no covariate unadjusted), model 2 (age was adjusted), model 3 (education, household income, residential area, marital status, occupation, obesity, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and the covariate used in model 2 were adjusted), and model 4 (stress, depression, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and the covariates used in model 3 were adjusted)
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Additionally, the reverse MR analysis did not reveal any evidence of reverse causality from AF to active smoking