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FeCO = fractional concentration smokers with respiratory conditions were excluded from the study and subjects in the e-cigarette randomized arm, although encouraged not to use combustible tobacco cigarettes, did often report dual use (Cravo et al., 2016)

Compared with never smokers, the current smokers were younger and were more likely to be male

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More vaping and smoking facts are available on our recent post on the topic Conclusion: Making an Informed Choice The verdict: Vaping is less harmful than smoking, but its not safe

The Global Burden of Disease Study calculates that in 2016 there were an estimated 6.3 million smoking-related deaths annually: 884,000 from second-hand smoke, and 48,000 from oral tobacco (none of which were related to snus)