San Francisco has made the biggest inroad a 60-cent per pack fee to raise roughly $3 million a year to help defray the cost of cleaning up discarded cigarette filters
the object of the present invention is to provide special activated charcoal filters mainly to reduce from the mainstream smoke p-benzosemiquinone (p-BSQ), a highly reactive major harmful oxidant, which is singly responsible for the oxidative damage of proteins and probably also DNA, thus conceived to pose the greatest health risk
The process is simple and straightforward
23521 male and 19201 female participants aged 3549* Number of cigarettes smoked daily Test for trend, p14 59 1014 1519 2024 25+ Males All causes RR 1.56 (1.33 to 1.84) 2.03 (1.85 to 2.22) 2.47 (2.29 to 2.65) 2.78 (2.57 to 3.00) 3.35 (3.09 to 3.64) 3.71 (3.34 to 4.11) ,0.001 RR` 1.57 (1.33 to 1.85) 1.94 (1.77 to 2.12) 2.36 (2.19 to 2.55) 2.66 (2.46 to 2.88) 3.19 (2.93 to 3.46) 3.42 (3.07 to 3.81) ,0.001 Ischaemic heart disease RR 2.65 (2.02 to 3.48) 2.67 (2.24 to 3.17) 3.24 (2.81 to 3.74) 3.89 (3.34 to 4.52) 4.10 (3.49 to 4.82) 4.07 (3.31 to 5.02) ,0.001 RR` 2.74 (2.07 to 3.61) 2.47 (2.06 to 2.94) 3.09 (2.67 to 2.58) 3.70 (3.17 to 4.31) 3.75 (3.18 to 4.42) 3.60 (2.91 to 4.46) ,0.001 All cancer RR 1.09 (0.79 to 1.50) 1.69 (1.44 to 1.98) 2.14 (1.88 to 2.42) 2.45 (2.14 to 2.81) 3.03 (2.63 to 3.49) 3.57 (2.99 to 4.26) ,0.001 RR` 1.08 (0.78 to 1.49) 1.63 (1.38 to 1.92) 2.05 (1.81 to 2.34) 2.37 (2.06 to 2.72) 2.93 (2.54 to 3.38) 3.41 (2.85 to 4.09) ,0.001 Lung cancer RR 2.84 (0.96 to 8.45) 11.94 (6.97 to 20.44) 17.98 (10.92 to 29.61) 20.77 (12.52 to 34.47) 33.48 (20.76 to 55.33) 38.64 (22.74 to 65.65) ,0.001 RR` 2.79 (0.94 to 8.28) 11.30 (6.59 to 19.39) 16.73 (10.14 to 27.60) 19.36 11.65 to 32.18) 31.69 (19.14 to 52.47) 36.22 (21.23 to 61.81) ,0.001 Females All causes RR 1.44 (1.17 to 1.77) 1.90 (1.70 to 2.13) 2.31 (2.08 to 2.57) 3.01 (2.60 to 3.48) 3.29 (2.71 to 4.00) 2.67 (1.63 to 4.38) ,0.001 RR` 1.47 (1.19 to 1.82) 1.90 (1.69 to 2.14) 2.29 (2.01 to 2.56) 2.97 (2.55 to 3.45) 3.14 (2.56 to 3.84) 2.61 (1.59 to 4.28) ,0.001 Ischaemic heart disease RR 2.81 (1.67 to 4.72) 3.69 (2.69 to 5.05) 4.03 (2.97 to 5.48) 5.80 (3.92 to 8.57) 4.51 (2.52 to 8.10) 3.89 (0.96 to 15.81) 0.064 RR` 2.94 (1.75 to 4.95) 3.55 (2.57 to 4.89) 3.78 (2.75 to 5.18) 5.28 (3.50 to 7.97) 4.25 (2.35 to 7.68) 3.53 (0.87 to 14.40) 0.114 All cancer RR 1.11 (0.82 to 1.50) 1.44 (1.22 to 1.69) 1.87 (1.61 to 2.16) 2.18 (1.76 to 2.70) 2.73 (2.08 to 3.57) 2.44 (1.26 to 4.72) ,0.001 RR` 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) 1.44 (1.22 to 1.71) 1.85 (1.59 to 2.16) 2.22 (1.79 to 2.76) 2.47 (1.86 to 3.29) 2.43 (1.26 to 4.71) ,0.001 Lung cancer RR 5.02 (1.81 to 13.93) 13.06 (7.14 to 23.87) 19.19 (10.76 to 34.21) 30.37 (16.24 to 56.81) 27.68 (13.18 to 58.11) 34.02 (9.77 to 118.44) ,0.001 RR` 5.03 (1.81 to 13.98) 11.85 (6.43 to 21.84) 17.62 (9.80 to 31.66) 28.83 15.28 to 54.38) 23.85 (11.10 to 51.25) 31.95 (9.12 to 111.96) ,0.001 *Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or treatment for hypertension, nor symptoms of angina pectoris and atherosclerosis obliterans
Smoking affects them in exactly the same way, too
