Summary Comparisons of the toxicity and health effects of e-cigs and conventional cigarettes often focus on toxicants known to be present in cigarette smoke (CS) (i.e., formaldehyde, nitrosamines, etc.), as well as smoking-associated clinical endpoints, such as cancer, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cultural factors, peer pressure, and the desire to fit in or be accepted within a specific group may influence individuals to experiment with or continue freebasing despite its associated risks
Because the chemical composition can vary between batches, the effects can be severe and unpredictable , increasing the risk of overdose and dangerous reactions
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Statements Data availability statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors