This work was supported by YFEL141014 from the FAMRI foundation and R01DK136624 to XJ
Studies over many decades have shown that combustible cigarettes consistently increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases such as heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, and stroke
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When analysed by level of educational attainment, daily smokers having completed, at most, a lower secondary level of education were most likely to have smoked for at least 10 years, this share reaching 80.5 %
Additional effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke include: Releasing toxins that can damage DNA and cause diseases